The paper should explain when and how the study was advertised, participants were recruited and consented. it should also state when and where the data collection took place. Overall there should be a clear trail of data collection. 7 You should be able to identify how the framework, research question, purpose and literature review all complement each other. When you are appraising a qualitative paper, you should be able to see how the framework helped with (1) providing a rationale and (2) the development of research questions or statements. A framework is the design or map for a study. Theoretical and conceptual frameworks connect the researcher to existing knowledge and these are used in a study to help to explain and understand what is being investigated. 6 It is the researcher’s understanding of how different variables are connected in the study, for example, the literature review and research question. Conceptual frameworks are based on concepts from various theories and findings which help to guide the research. A theoretical framework is the blueprint that can hold or scaffold a study’s theory. Usually, a theoretical framework is used when research is underpinned by one theory that aims to help predict, explain and understand the topic investigated. Most authors use the terms theoretical and conceptual frameworks interchangeably.
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